Class

Today in class we took a really hard test and I am really mad. Barely any of the stuff that we went over yesterday were on the test. I already know that I did bad and I have not even got my test back. I got so many wrong and I am really sad. I thought that I was going to do well but I guess not. You also threw an eraser at Hanna's head which was very scary and life threatening. I am terrified for her safety and was about to run out of the room screaming. I thought that you were going to throw more erasers so I was worried about me too. Hopefully that won't happen again.

Test Review

• medieval period- AD 476- AD 1453
• New society has roots in:
• classical heritage of Rome
• beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• customs of various Germanic Tribes

5th Century Germanic invaders

• overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
• causing:
• disruption 
• downfall of cities
• population shifts to rural areas 

Effects of Invasion 

• Decline of learning 
• tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn't read Greek or Latin 
• Roman languages evolve (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
• few besides priests were literate 
• Germanic warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
• Result:
• no orderly government for large areas
• small communities rule
• Clovis rules the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks (which is where "France" comes from)
• in 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians 
• In 520, Benedict writes rules for Monks:
• vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries)
• chastity (no marital relations)
• obedience (listen to church superiors)
• His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns 
• they operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books 
• church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
• theocracy- a government run off of one dominate religion 
• Gregory's spiritual kingdom (Christendom) extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany 
• Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
• Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours 732 
• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short 
• son #2 is Charles, known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Great 
• became the most powerful king of all time
• his son- Louis the Pious- was ineffective
• Louis' three sons- could figure out who to be king- split up kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

Notes

Setting the Stage!

• Middle ages= medieval period
• 476-1453 AD

This is a new society

• This new society has roots in:
• Classiucal heritage of Rome
• Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• Customs of various Germanic tribes.

5th Century Germanic invaders

• Overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
• Causing
• Disruption of trade
• Downfall of cities
• Population shifts to rural areas

Effects of Invasion

• Decline of learning
• Tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn’t read Greek or Latin
• Romance languages evolve (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
• Few besides priests were literate

Germanic kingdoms

• Germanic Kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
• Germanic warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
• Result:
• No orderly government for large areas
• Small communities rule

Even so….Clovis riles the Franks

• Clovis riles the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks (which is where "France comes from)
• In 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians
• The Church in Rome likes this
• By 511 the Franks are united into one kingdom, with Clovis and the Church working as partners.

Spread of Christianity

• Church + Frankish rulers= rise in Christianity
• In 520, Benedict write ruled for monks"
• Vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries )
• Chastity (no marital relations)
• Obedience (listen to church superiors)
• His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns
• They operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books

Pope Gregory and Papal Power Play

• Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) goes secular (worldly power)
• Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
• This is theocracy
• Gregory's spiritual Kingdom (Christendom) extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany

Who's running Europe?

• CLovis riles the Franks in Gaul until his death in 511
• Most of the rest of Europe consists of smaller kingdoms (seven in England alone)
• Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
• Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of tours in 732 (If he hadn't won, western Europe could have become part of the Muslim Empire- that's huge!)

How do you follow the Hammer?

• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
• He works with the Church and is named "king by the grace of God by the Pope (Popes can do that?)
• Pepin the Short dies in 768, leaving 2 sons
• Son #1- Charloman- dies in 771
• Son #2 is Charles, known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Great
• Six feet four inches and a well-known warrior

Notes

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity

1. 511 AD- Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom

2. 600 AD- Church + Frankish rulers convert many

3. fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians

4. Monasteries and convents

a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries

i. Poverty, chastity, obedience, study

b. His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in convents

c. 731 AD- the Venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England

d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries , and copied books {Bibles, Greek texts}

D. A European Empire Evolves

1. Franks control largest European kingdom

a. The Roman province formerly known as Gaul

b. Ruled by Clovis- the Merovingian Dynasty

2. Major domo- mayor of the palace- ruled the kingdom

3. Charles Martel- Charles the Hammer

a. extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east

b. Defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732- historic battles {why?}

D. A European Empire evolves {cont'd}

4. Charles the Hammer's son

a. Possibly named for his unusual short haircut

b. working for and with the Pope, Pepin fought the Lombards

c. Pope Stephen II named Pepin "king by the grace of God"- beginning the Carolingian Dynasty 751-987 AD

{So, a Pope can do that? Name someone "king"? Yup.}

d. Pepin the Short had two sons: Carolman and Charles

e. Carolman died, leaving….

E. Charlemagne takes center stage

1. Charlemagne- aka CHARLES THE GREAT

a. six foot four

b. built the greatest empire since Rome

c. fought the Muslims in Spain

d. Fought Germanic tribes

e. Spread Christianity

f. Reunites Western Europe

g. Became the most powerful king in Western Europe

h. Pope Leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from an unruly Roman mob

i. This signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire

E. Charlemagne takes center stage {cont'd]

2. Charlemagne's government

a. He limited the authority of the nobles

b. He regularly visited every part of his kingdom

c. Kept a close watch on his huge estates

3. Cultural revival

a. Encouraged learning

b. ordered monasteries to open schools

c. opened a palace school

4. But, his heir were weenies (couldn’t leave)…

a. His son- Louis the Pious- was ineffective

b. Louis' three sons- Lothair Charles the Bald, & Louis the German- split up the kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

notes

GERMANIC KINGDOMS UNITE UNDER CHARMLEMAGNE

Main Idea

• Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire

Why is matters now!

• Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from.

Setting the stage!

• Middle ages= medieval period
• 500-1500 AD
• Medieval Europe is fragmented

1. Invasions trigger changes in Western Europe

 1. invasions and constant warfare spark new trends

1. Distribution of trade
1. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
2. Money is scarce
2. Downfall of cities
1. Cities are no longer centers of administration
3. Population shifts
1. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
2. Cities don’t have strong leadership

A. Invasions trigger changes in western Europe {cont'd}

  2. Decline of learning

a. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition

b. only priests and church officials could read and write

c. knowledge of Greek {and literature, science, philosophy} is almost lost

 3.  loss of a common language

a. dialects develop in different regions

By the 800S, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin.

B. Germanic Kingdoms emerge

1. the concept of government changes

a. Roman society: loyal to public gov't

b. Germanic society: loyal to family

i. Germanic chief led warriors

ii. During peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live {the lord's hall}

iii. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord

c. "The king? Who's that? You want to collect taxes from me? Who the heck are you?"

d. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul- their leader is Clovis

B. Germanic kingdoms emerge

2. The Franks under Clovis

a. another battlefield conversion! {Just like Constantine}

b. Clovis and 30 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop

c. The church in Rome approves of this "alliance"

d. Clovis and the Church begin to work together

A simple mathematical equation

Clovis' military expertise

+

The church's support and money

___________________________

A STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN TWO POWERFUL FORCES! WOO-HOO!

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity {cont'd}

5. {Pope} Gregory I expands papal power

a. Papacy= pope's office

b. Secular power= worldly power

c. So… under Gregory the Great…

Papal power {power of the Pope} is political power

Presented from Pope's palace

d. The church can use church money to:

Raise armies

Repair roads

Help the poor

e. Gregory the Great began to act as mayor of Rome, and as head of an earthly kingdom {Christendom}

Class

Today in class, we went over our test. I like that because it is a really good study guide for the final. My grade in this class was an 83% but now it is a 85%. This is better than and 83 but it still is not great.

Notes:

A definition….

• Feudalism: a political, military, and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances

In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you

• RICH DUDE (LORD): "I own land; I need people to help me work it and defend it"
• TOUGH DUDES (VASSALS): "There are a lot of us, we can help the rich dudes hold on to their land"

The Feudal Pyramid

  King

The most powerful VASSALS

(Nobles and Bishops)

Knights- mounted warrior who

received FIEFS for defending their lord's land

PEASANTS(mostly SERFS)

Landless, powerless, moneyless, rights-less

  Just working the land for "the men" (their lord)

Mind your manors

• Manor: the lord's estate
• The lord's manor house
• A church
• Some workshops
• 15-30 families
• All on a few square miles
• Good news: It's a self-sufficient community
• Bad news: It's harsh is you're a peasant

How harsh is it?

• Peasants are poor AND pay taxes
• Tax on grain
• Tax on marriage
• Church tax (tithe=10% of their income)
• They live in crowded cottages
• Live with animals and insects (ewww…)
• Eat VERY simply
• But don’t worry- the Church says this is your lot in life
• God determines you place in society- so chill

Class

Today in class, we took a test. I got an A on the test, which means I got a ding! I was really happy because that was the first A I got on one of Mr. Schick's tests. The test was pretty easy because we have taken tests on all of the information before. I am happy that we get to keep the tests because it will help with the final exam. For the rest of class, we were aloud to do whatever we want. I don't know what else to say so I guess I am done. I am happy about my grade and I hope that I do well on the final exam!

Notes

Today in class, we went over the test that we are having tomorrow. I am not sure how I am going to do on it, but i hope that I do well. It is on Rome and their empires and stuff. Right now we are aloud to do whatever we want for the rest of class. I just learned about this test today and that is kind of upsetting. I have a lot of test tomorrow. Well mainly only this and Spanish but still. Hopefully everyone will do well, including me. Okay well I do not know what else to write so I guess that I am done. Goodluck to me and everyone else in Mr. Schick's western civilization class.  

Notes

Decline of the Roman Empire

AD 180: Rome has problems

• Economic (trade became risky; taxes were too high; food supply was dropping)
• Military (frontiers were hard to patrol; Roman generals fought for control; soldiers' loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared)
• Mercenaries- soldiers that work for money

Diocletian divided the empire into 2

• Greek-speaking East (had more resources)
• Latin-speaking West (Rome, tradition)

Decline Part 2

• AD 324- Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire
• Moves the capital from Rome to byzantium (renamed Constantinople), where Asia met Europe (now Turkey)
• After his death, empire is divided again
• This time, "barbarian invaders" (Huns, Vandals, Visigoths, Angles, Saxons, Franks) overrun the empire's frontiers
• That's it for the Roman Empire (AD 476)

Diocletian

• Ruled from 284-303
• It's cool to persecute Christians
• Rome need a big army (400,000 strong)
• Rome needs a big government (20,000 officials)

Constantine

• Ruled from 306- 337
• It's cool to BE a Christian
• Conversion to Christianity

Via cross in the sky (conquer by this!)

• 313-His Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• Built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

The struggle of peasants

Life in the fourth century

• Country dwellers are getting bankrupt by endless tax collection
• New farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• Peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by landlords
• Paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back- breaking work (such a deal!)
• Landowners hold local powers as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• Foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles

• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to east Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Roman itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean

Other Barbarian tribes:

• Ostrogoths in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an Era

• From the beginnings…..
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the 12 tables are established
• …through the glory days…
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 AD- the Roman Peace (Pax Romania)
• To the bitter end…
• Constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
• The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

notes

Rise of Christianity

• Jesus' followers believe he is the Messiah and Savior who has risen from the dead
• Saul (the persecutor) becomes Paul 9the evangelist), spreading Jesus's message.
• Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)
• This conflicted with Roman beliefs
• Persecution against both was common
• Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew
• As it grew, even some roman leaders embraced Christianity
• AD 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion
• He issues the Edict of Milan
• Not only no persecution, but actual approval of Christianity, eventually making it official religion of Rome
• The Roman Empire and Christianity are now linked in power and influence

Class

Today in class, we took a test. I did not study that much because I thought that I wasn't going to be in class. The track meet was postponed so I ended up in class. It was not as hard as I was expecting it to be. I hope I did well because I need to bring my grade up to a higher B. I would have studied more if I thought that the meet was going to be canceled. We normally run in the rain so it is unusual that they rescheduled it. I am happy though because the test is over with and I don't have to worry about it tomorrow.

5/6/14

How does Rome move from a monarchy to a republic? After Tarquin, the gov. became res publica (the people's business) or republic (like the Greek democracy)

Describe difference between a patrician and plebeian. Patrician- upper class, landowning/ plebeian- common people, workers, small time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians. 

Senate- gov. assembly of 300 (unpaid) patricians, appointed for life; first by king , then consuls

consuls- 2 senators who led the gov and military for one- year terms, could veto each other

tribunes- leaders of the plebeians assemble; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years. 

What is so important about the 12 tables? Marked the 1st time that laws were written down in Rome; set up to protect plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians; publicly displayed in forum (450 BC)

Forum- Rome's political center

Augustus- first emperor, originally name Octavian 

Notes 5/5

Notes

Octavian-Aka Caesar Augustus

 The word spreads about the risen lord

• Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message
• He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain
• He writes letters to many of those he spoke to these epistles are a part of the New Testament
• If not for the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion

Caligula- good start…

• In addition to being Germanicus' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew putting him next in line for emperor
• He started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record
• All in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)….then….

….bad finish for Caligula

• He began to fight with Senate
• He claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places- including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege!)
• Other examples of cruelty and insanity: he slept with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)
• Assassinated by his own aids, AD 41 (age 28)

Next in line: Claudius

• Ostracized by his family because of his disabilities 9limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
• He rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain: he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus
• Had an awful marriage to Messalina, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius through a coup- so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile- religious troubles

• Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic
• Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god
• AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Romans troops put them down and burned their temple (except for one wall)
• The Western Wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines
• Half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians

• Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
• Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)
• Often used for "entertainment" purposes in the Colosseum (thrown to the lions,  etc.)
• Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly - by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians 

notes

Assassination of Another Caesar

• There remained a stubborn core of senators that were still disturbed by his successes 
• 44 B.C. he secured a vote from Senate making him dictator for life. 
• he raised himself even higher by permitting a religious cult to be established in his honor and wearing the purple robe of the ancient Roman kings.  
• On the Ides of March (March 15) 44 B.C. Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers.

Page 103

• Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western developments. 
• In the West , the native languages of conquered European barbarian people began to be replaced by Latin
• In the East, Egyptian hieroglyphics writing fell out of use. But the empire's most revered international gods and goddesses came from Egypt. 
• The era of the Roman Peace was one of massive social, religious, and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of Western civilization

The Rule of the Emperors 

• After Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus ("revered one"), the name that he went down in history as.  
• Augustus was now the supreme ruler and intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman city-state, and keep its empire together. 
• The "Augustan Settlement" had emerged by 27 B.C., the year generally accepted as the end of the Republic and the beginning of the rule of the Roman emperors 
• The Augustan Settlement 
• he proclaimed the goal of restoring the Republic 
• THE FIRST CITIZEN
• refused the offer of a long-term dictatorship and referred to himself simply as princeps ("first citizen"), a traditional name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic. 
• By arrangement with the Senate in 27 B.C., Augustus was confirmed as commander in chief of the armed forces, which included civil and military control of all provinces with garrisons. 
• He permitted the Senate to supervise Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed. 
• On his way to supreme power he proscribed and put to death many opponents in the Senate and replaced them with his friends and allies. This allowed him to consult the Senate frequently and give it genuine government power
• THE DIVINE BEING 
• After Augustus won supreme power, Greek cities in Anatolia began building shrines and sacrificing to "Rome and Augustus"-worshiping Rome itself as divine, and Augustus as a god-sent human being who embodied Rome's beneficent rule
• He also acquired the title pf Father of the Fatherland 
• he passed laws against adultery of woman and against both men and women who failed to marry; another law exempted mothers of more than three kids from requirement of guardianship
• married to a woman named Livia they never managed to have children together
• Reform, Reconstruction, and the End of Expansion
• First, he brought the system of government appointments under his personal control 
• Second, showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities 
• Third, Augustus reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers
• Last, Augustus gradually brought about his single most drastic reform. making the army more stable all soldiers were to volunteer
• THE END OF ROMAN EXPANSION
• Even after Augustus's troop cuts, his army was still far larger than the forces that Rome had usually maintained in the past
• he kept part of his army- legion sized Praetorian Guard- in Rome to back up his power at the empire's center, but he moved, most of his forces to the frontiers of the empire, he fully intended to continue Rome's tradition of seemingly endless conquest 
• Permanent Monarchy
• He himself would never have come to power if Julius Caesar had not made him his son

4/30/14

Today in class, we didn't do anything. It was kind of like an off mod. I laughed a lot with Claire and i really do not know why. We sat in class and it was fun. I am writing my blog during class so that I do not have to write it at home. I am not really sure if we were supposed to be doing something or if we were supposed to just be doing whatever we want. It was a nice class and I enjoyed talking to my friends. We are aloud to be playing games and do homework. Now we are moving to the cafeteria so I am going to stop writing. So the class was pointless but very enjoyable.

4/29/14

Today in class, we went over the grades for our project. My peers graded me better than you did. That is okay because I still got a high B on the project. The project grade brought my grade up in this class a lot. We also looked at Delaney Link's project because she worked really hard and it was really good. We also went over notes more.

Notes:
The Roman Empire

• August- to be honored, held up on a pedestal, almost as if you are a god.

Augustus-the first emperor- getting it done

•  Begins the  Pax Romania- a period of peace and prosperity
• Built Roads, aqueducts (brought water to the cities)
• Set up civil service to take care of roads, the grain supply, even a postal service
• Augustus dies at age 76 in A.D. 14, and passes power too...

From Jesus to Christianity 

• Jesus was a Roman citizen and a practicing Jew
• At 30, he began his ministry (A.D. 31-33), preaching to the poor (and there were lots of them) in the empire, and reaching out to outsiders
• Statements like "My kingdom is not of this world" made the Romans (and the Jews) nervous, and they began to plan his execution
• The government of the Roman province of Judaea, Pontius Pilate (prompted by Jewish high priests), sentences Jesus to death by crucifixion

notes

Julius Caesar 

• part of the patricians but was not very rich.
• teamed up with Pompeius, one of the richest men ever. 
• triumvirate- In Ancient Rome, an alliance of 3 politicians that enabled them to control the Republic's decision making. 
• Julius Caesar was in a triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus
• Rubicon- river, marks the northern most border of the Roman territories. 
• When Caesar got to the Rubicon he had a decision to either leave his men behind or come in with his thousands of men. 
• Caesar conquered Gual and even made forays into Britain and Germany
• Pompey defended the Senate and Caesar defeated him in Greece and murdered him in Egypt
• Caesar showed respect to the Senate but treated it as a mere advisory body
• Roman's applauded Caesar and his work, but some senators were disturbed. 
• Caesar came to the Senate's house, unarmed and unguarded and was stabbed 23 times in the stomach and killed.

West Civ

Today in class, we watched the projects. My favorite dessert so far was Hanna and Caroline. It was sweet which was surprising because Roman food is not normally sweet. It is interesting to learn about the Roman culture and the different foods that that they eat. The only thing we have learned about is the foods and the Colosseum. I like to learn about that stuff so it is cool. I don't know what else to say besides we watched the projects. We have one more day of presenting than we will be finished.

4/11/14

Today in class, we took a test. I got an 80 which brought my grade up to a 79 percent. I thought that I did better on the test but a B is still good. I am happy for spring break because we will not have school. The only homework I have in this class is the project. I am going to work hard because I want a good grade on the project. Hopefully break will be fun and we will all get rest.

Notes Continued

Roman Legion

Legion- 5000 men

Century- 80 men (like the phalanx)

Infantry- soldiers on foot carried short arms

Cavalry- soldiers on horse back

Punic Wars- Rome vs. Carthage

Rome won all 3 Wars

First Punic War- fought over Sicily

Second Punic War- fought over Hannibal.

Third Punic War- Destroy Carthage. Rome didn’t want to wait for Carthage to get ready for the battle and get more men so they laid waste (wiped out) and destroyed everything in Carthage

• Carthage is in  North Africa

Notes from Today

Assembly- House for Plebeians to vote and to run their government

Tribunes- elected by Plebeians to serve in the Assembly

Senator- elected to the senate

Consul- kind of like a president. Most powerful people in the government but there were 2 of them to keep an eye on each other and make sure they didn’t do anything bad.

Dictator- in charge of everything. Usually one of the consuls or a senator

Romans Government was made up of:

Monarchy- our president

Democracy- house of rep.

Aristocracy- their senate 

Punic Wars

Punic Wars 

• Punic wars were waged on land and sea in three vicious rounds between 264 and 146 B.C. 
• In the first phase of struggle, Rome was able to force Carthage out of Sicily, but the North African city kept the rest of its empire.
•  In the second phase, the Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy, defeated several Roman armies, and brought Rome to the brink of defeat. 
• At the end of the second Punic War in 202 B.C., Carthage was disarmed and helpless. 
• Rome provoked a third war, and in 146. B.C., Carthage was captured after bitter fighting. In a final act of vengeance, the Senate ordered the city to be leveled, its people sold into slavery, and even the ground on which it had stood be solemnly cursed. This was just an epilogue. Already in 202 B.C., Rome had won control of the western Mediterranean. 

Chapter 6 worksheet

Chapter 6 questions 1-5

1.  Rome is near the Mediterranean Sea making trade with other islands easy. The farmland was also very good and was enough for the population.

2. Rome used the Etruscan alphabet, the Etruscan people influenced Rome's building style, and Rome adopted their dress style.

3. Patricians and Plebeians

4. They were rules that people had to follow. This allowed judges to make decisions based on the laws, rather than making unfair accusations.

5. Gauls lived in France. The Romans attacked and defeated the Guals.  

Notes

Today in class we took notes. I am working alone on the project. Here are my notes. 

Main Groups Settled in Italy

• Latins were first people to settle in Rome
• Then Etruscans
• Then Greece

They drained part of the land on the peninsula to make it not as marshy they diverted the flow of the water.

Tarquin the Proud- last king Rome ever had. Didn’t feel like he needed to listen to people. Fairley abusive and didn’t listen to advisors.

Rome elected people to rule for them. United States copied the way Rome did things with government

Republic (had Senates)

1. Democracy
2. Monarchy (2 consuls) Consuls could veto what each other says
3. Aristotracy 

(3 branches of government have direct correlations to the US gov.)

Plebeians-regular people, middle class

Patricians- rich and the aristocrats, owned money and land

Class of 4/1/14

Today in class, we talked about an upcoming project that is worth 200 points. I am going to work alone because it is easier than working with people. I am probable going to make a food from ancient Rome. We talked about all the different things we can do for this project. I remember in sixth grade when I did a project on the Gladiators. It is very gruesome and bloody. We also have the option of presenting our project before or after break. I am probably going to present it before break so I do not have to work on it later. This project is going to be interesting and it will hopefully be fun.

Romans

Unlike Sparta, the men of Rome did not devote their whole life to the city-state. Parterfamilias was the "father family" in ancient Rome, who had unlimited power over his household. This included life or death. The wife was the only person that may not have been under the man's full power, if she was still under the authority of her father. The power was worshiped by the family and by the father. The power of man was not only worshiped in their family life, but also in the community. Motherhood was very important in Rome too. Matron  is the title of honor given to a married woman in ancient Rome. She was worshiped alongside her husband. She lived a life that was not as high as her husband but she was also supposed to give to her community and her family too.

3.26.14 class

Today in class, we took a test. It was pretty difficult because the fill in the blanks were hard. I knew most of the answers, but some of them were really hard. I hope I did well because I do not want to start the quarter off bad. I studied the paper that we went over in class last night, so I thought I would know more of the answers. It was really great that we got to use our blog, because I would not have felt good about my answers if we could not have used them. I am going to write more notes in my blog so that if we are aloud to use our blog again, I will have more information. Overall, I think I did okay and I hope that I get a good grade.

class of 3/25/14

Today in class, we watched a video of the people of Ancient Greece. We reviewed for our test that is tomorrow. I like learning about all the people, but it is hard to remember all of their names. They are very different and are hard to pronounce. I hope that I do well on the test because I want to start the quarter off good. I hate Wednesdays because they are long and that is the day we have a test. I am not looking forward to the test at all but I want to get it over with. Hopefully it will not be very hard and I can get a good grade.

Class of 3/19/14

Today in class, we went over our notes and corrected out answers from the work we had for cyberday. That was a really long sentence. I learned in class that the USA is part of the Western world. China is not because it isn't in the west. I also learned about oligarchies. Russia is an oligarchy that is taking over many countries. That is really scary and dangerous. I also learned that Athens was the wealthiest city-state. I was wrong and put Corinth. Corinth is rich but not nearly as rich as Athens. Athens traded a lot and that is why they were so successful. I learned a lot in this class. Greece is very confusing with all of the weird names. Greece is very interesting and I am excited to learn more.

Class of 3/18/14

Today in class, we worked on the blog that we did for cyber day and another paper. This has been like the third class in a row that we have not really done anything. Our substitute today was Mr. DelPuppo. The class was very quiet because the teacher was grading papers and he said it would distract him if we had conversations. I can see where he is coming from because I would get distracted too if people were talking the whole. Although it would have been better to talk to our friends, the class was not that bad. The last period is always the worst because everyone just wants to go home. I really do not want to be at school because it is boring and there is nothing to do. So today was basically like our last classes except we had a different teacher.

Cyber Day 3/17/14

1. D. Mostly fertile land was not a characteristic of Greece.

2. B. Mountains make up three fourths of Greece.

3. D. Barbarians is defined a life based upon farming, welfare, and tribal organization.

4. C. Massive rough-cut stones used to construct monuments and tombs are what defines a megalithic structure.

5. E. The term tribe refers to all of thee above.

6. D. All of these.

7. A. Greeks were the first European Barbarians to make contact with civilization.

8. C. China would not be considered a member of "Western Civilization" because China is on the far East.

9. D. The Ionian Sea is just west of the Greek mainland.

10. B. The Aegean Sea is located just east of the Greek mainland.

11. C. The major crops the Aegean people lived on were grains, vines, an olives.

12. B. The Mycenaean Civilization arose on the island of Crete.

13. A. The Mycenaean Civilization established settlements along the Greek mainlands southern shore.

14. A. The Mycenaean Civilization built massive walls to protect themselves from attack.

15. D. The Dark ages were a period in history in which the population dropped, ships no longer sailed, and writing fell out of use.

16. E. The Greeks joined the Phoenicians.

17. C. The letter "c" stands for circa.

18. A. Colonies dotted the coastline around the Mediterranean.

19. B. Greek city-states most closely resembled counties.

20. C. An oligarchy is a type of government in which a small group of citizens dominated.

21. A. A democracy was a form of government in which decisions were made by the majority of adult male citizens.

22. D. Tyranny is a form of government that is ruled by a self proclaimed dictator.

23. B. A monarchy is a form of government in which power is held by a single ruler, and is often passed down from father to son.

24. C. Spartans used an oligarchy as their government.

25. A. Spartans boys began their military training at age seven.

26. A. Athens was the wealthiest city-state in Ancient Greece.

27. C. Acropolis was the high fortified citadel and religious center of an ancient Greek town.

28. E. Sparta was located on the southern peninsula known as Peloponnesus.

29. E. Triremes were massive fighting ships.

30. B. Hoplites were heavily armed and armored citizens-soldiers of ancient Greece.

Short Answers

1. The Dark ages began around 1100 BCE. They ended around 700 BCE. Trade came almost to a halt.

2. Homer's story The Iliad was about the Trojan war. His story about a war hero attempting to get home was called The Odyssey. 

3. The word "Mediterranean" originally meant "middle of the Earth".

4. Prominent and long-established land owners were called aristocrats.

Friday Class

In class, we watched the video that we were assigned. We didn't really watch it because no one could find speakers and it was hard for everyone to focus on the video. Mr. Teter was our substitute. Mr. Teter used to be my human geography teacher so it was cool to have him in class again. Friday was a long class because we didn't do much. It was nice to talk to my friends. I don't know what else to say because like I said we didn't do much in class. I hope you feel better Mr. Schick because I know you are sick or were sick. Have a good weekend and hopefully it won't snow.

3/12/14

In class, we watched the rest of the videos that we didn't get to watch from Tuesday. They were very well done and put together nicely. I think everyone did a great job and worked hard on their videos. I think everyone deserves a good grade on our project. We also watched one video from a different class, which was very good. I wish I could have gotten clips from youtube to put in my video, but I didn't know how too. Hopefully I will get a good grade and everyone else in the class will too.

3/11/14

Today in class, we watched our commercial videos. I chose Sparta because I love the fighting and the action of the city-state. The videos that we watched were very creative and well done. I was nervous about mine because I wasn't sure how it was going to look compared to all the other people. I think I did a great job on my video because I worked hard on it and it took a long time for me to learn how to use movie maker. I am excited to watch more videos tomorrow because they are interesting to watch. I look forward to class tomorrow and can't wait to see the other videos.

Class of 3/10/14

Today in class we worked on our video and story board things. I was already finished my things so the class was really boring and long. I just put the finishing touches on everything and made sure it was all done. My video is cool, but I couldn't figure out how to put clips of Youtube videos in movie maker. Hopefully my video will turn out to be okay because I am kind of nervous about it. My partner is not in my class so I had nothing to do. Everything was already finished because it was supposed to be due on today. It is okay because some people still need to work on it and I am happy they have an extra day to work.

3/7/14

Today in class, we worked on our paper. It was difficult but I got it finished. Greece is an interesting topic because the gods and goddesses are exciting and different. Greece is very complex because so many things happened a long time ago. My friend goes to Greece every year and one day I hope to go with her. It would be exciting to experience the culture and the different foods. The history is very cool and all the wars and troubles that Greece faces is amazing. They have gone through so much more than the United States and they are there. I would love to explore Greece and walk through a historic place.

3/5/14

Today in class, we continued watching that video. It is really long and is about Greece. It is very informational. Our assignment for the video is now due on Monday, which is nice because I will have the weekend to work on it. Tomorrow is Thursday, which means we don't have class. On Friday, we have a substitute. I am excited to see who it is. We will probably continue to watch that video. The video is interesting but is kind of boring too. Hopefully it will get better because it is hard to focus on things that are boring.

cyber day

We had cyber day, which I really don't like. I would rather go to school then to have to do cyber day. My assignment was to keep working on my commercial. My partner is Daphne, but she is in Mr. Teter's class. Hopefully we will have school tomorrow because I really dislike cyber days. Two hour delays are the best because classes are really short and make life so much better.

Class of 2/26/14 Notes

Today in class we reviewed our notes. I took some more notes so they are in this blog.

• Athens had a really strong Navy. One weapon they had that made them one of the most feared people were the ramming ships. They were called triremes.  
• Athenians would take prisoners from other places and make them slaves
• Sparta had an army
• Athens traded with a lot and had a bigger population than the Spartans. 
• Sparta trained their army very well because they didn't have a lot of people. 
• Spartans would have a big row with shields and throw spears called the phalanx
• Athens had a free way of life called a democracy 
• Women had workouts that would make them strong 
• Women couldn't vote or hold office in Sparta or Athens 
• The only people that had the right to vote were free native or landowning adult males. 
• aristocrats were rich, powerful, and owned land 
• Golden Age- after the dark ages 460-430 B.C 
• Aliens were people that came from other parts of the land around Greece, they weren't citizens of that area and couldn't vote. 
• acropolis- a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city 
• Sparta was more strict 
• Surrounding Athens were the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea 
• Peloponneses peninsula connected Sparta to Athens 

2/25/14 class

Today in class we talked about the Greeks. They grew olives, grain, and grapes. They were very famous for making wine. I learned that the Greeks came up with the Olympics. They were very competitive people. I liked talking about The Odyssey. It is a 12,000 line poem that contained many stories within it. Some people believe that a blind man wrote the poem while others think it is a myth. I think it was really cool when we talked about all the temptations inside of the story and how Poseidon, the god of the sea, was causing all of them. Greeks are very good at telling stories and believing in myths about gods and goddesses. The Greeks are interesting tot learn about because they were more advanced and very strong willed people. They fought battles with other cultures and also traded with other people. Depending on the where you are in Greece, you can get very fertile soil. They summers were hot and the winters were not to hot but more cool. Greece is great place to learn about.

Notes on Lo3 pg 51-59

Citizens and Communities: The Greek City-State 

•  With the recovery of Greek civilization, the tribal communities of the Dark Ages began to develop city-states. 
• Greek city-states were small places, generally consisting of no more than a town and a few square miles of surrounding countryside. 
• Athens and Sparta, each about the same size as a couple of U.S. counties, were giants among city-states 
• The population of both town and country ordinarily numbered only a few thousand, though Athens may have reached as many as 250,000. 
• acropolis- The high fortified citadel and religious center of ancient Greek town. 
• Both fortresses and temples were vitally important to the Greek city-states 
• They were fiercely competitive communities that continually fought one another, and their single most important civic activity was the worship of the god or goddess on whom each community was thought to depend
• Athens, for example, was the city of the goddess Athena, and from the Athenian acropolis her temple, the Parthenon, or "Place of the Maiden", overlooked the whole city. 
• Greeks city-states were very much the same as those of the Sumerians or Phoenicians, but they differed in on important respect: for the Greeks, the city-state was a community in which all were entitled to participate to a greater or lesser extent.
• City States and Citizens
• Greek city-states first developed at exactly the time that the Assyrians were reaching for power westward from Mesopotamia, but Greece was protected by many miles of land and sea. 
• city-states were free to struggle among themselves because they didn't have an empire.
• they occupied a land that was far less wealthy than Mesopotamia or Phoenicia. 
• In their conflicts with one another, they could not afford professional soldiers or large cavalry forces. 
• hoplite- a heavy armed and armored citizen- soldier of ancient Greece. 
• phalanx- a unit of several hundred hoplities, who closed ranks by joining shields when approaching the enemy
• Monarchy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, Democracy
• the communities that would become city-states were ruled by kings 
• monarchy- a state in which supreme power is held by a single, usually hereditary ruler (a monarch)
• oligarchy- a state in which supreme power is held by a small group 
• triremes- massive fighting vessels with three banks of oars, used to ram or board enemy ships. 
• democracy- in ancient Greece, a form of government in which all adult male citizens were entitled to take part in decision making. 
• Greek city-states were in many ways narrow and exclusive 
• Woman generally participates in the community's affair on a much more limited basis than men, immigrants were almost never awarded citizenship, and slavery was widespread.
• When a city-state sent some of its citizens overseas to found a colony, the new settlement became a separate, independent state. 
• And when one conquered another, it extended its control but not its citizenship. 
• Sparta: The Military Ideal 
• Spartans were the descendants of Greeks who had conquered part of the southern mainland, the territory of Laconia. 
• helots- noncitizens forced to work for landholders in the ancient city-state of Sparta. 
• citizens devoted themselves to the one calling that was permitted to them by law: that of full time hoplite warriors. Boys were taken from their families by the state at the age of seven; they were taught manly behavior and reading and writing and were started on a lifelong routine of physical toughening and military training. 
• They were permitted to marry after age 20--- in fact, bachelors were punished--- and the state encouraged the mating of the best human specimens. 
• Athens: Freedom and Power 
• To the Athenians, the Spartan life was not worth living. 
• Athens was also a warlike community--- and exactly because it had wider horizons than Sparta, it was more ambitious for conquest 
• Athenian democracy not only brought freedom for ordinary citizens and stimulation for artists, writers, and thinkers; for a time, it also brought exceptional power for the city-state in its struggles with its rivals. 
• aristocrats- members of prominent and long-established Athenian families. 
• Athenian aristocrats prided themselves on being exceptionally excellent human beings 
• some aristocratic girls also got an education, particularly if they were sent off to live for a few years before marriage with one of the groups of young woman who served in the temples of various gods. 
• The Persians Wars 
• In the sixth century B.C, the Persians conquered a realm that stretched from the border of India to the Nile and the Aegean. 
• The leader of democratic Athens after the victory over Persia was another aristocrat 
• The Workings of Democracy: The Assembly 
• ultimate government power rested in the Assembly of adult male citizens. 
• debates in the Assembly were often spirited. 
• The Workings of Democracy: Officials and Courts 
• As an additional check on aristocratic power, the Council of Five Hundred and the roughly one thousand public officials that it supervised---tax collectors, building inspectors, and the like--- were nearly all chosen annually by lot
• ostracism- banishment for ten years by majority vote of the Athenian Assembly 
• The Athenians also trusted to chance---or the will of the gods, as expressed by the drawing of lots----in the administration of justice. 
• Woman in Athens 
• Most of what us known of the life of Athenian citizen women comes from surviving law court speeches composed by famous orators