Class

Today in class we took a really hard test and I am really mad. Barely any of the stuff that we went over yesterday were on the test. I already know that I did bad and I have not even got my test back. I got so many wrong and I am really sad. I thought that I was going to do well but I guess not. You also threw an eraser at Hanna's head which was very scary and life threatening. I am terrified for her safety and was about to run out of the room screaming. I thought that you were going to throw more erasers so I was worried about me too. Hopefully that won't happen again.

Test Review

• medieval period- AD 476- AD 1453
• New society has roots in:
• classical heritage of Rome
• beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• customs of various Germanic Tribes

5th Century Germanic invaders

• overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
• causing:
• disruption 
• downfall of cities
• population shifts to rural areas 

Effects of Invasion 

• Decline of learning 
• tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn't read Greek or Latin 
• Roman languages evolve (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
• few besides priests were literate 
• Germanic warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
• Result:
• no orderly government for large areas
• small communities rule
• Clovis rules the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks (which is where "France" comes from)
• in 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians 
• In 520, Benedict writes rules for Monks:
• vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries)
• chastity (no marital relations)
• obedience (listen to church superiors)
• His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns 
• they operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books 
• church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
• theocracy- a government run off of one dominate religion 
• Gregory's spiritual kingdom (Christendom) extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany 
• Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
• Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of Tours 732 
• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short 
• son #2 is Charles, known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Great 
• became the most powerful king of all time
• his son- Louis the Pious- was ineffective
• Louis' three sons- could figure out who to be king- split up kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

Notes

Setting the Stage!

• Middle ages= medieval period
• 476-1453 AD

This is a new society

• This new society has roots in:
• Classiucal heritage of Rome
• Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
• Customs of various Germanic tribes.

5th Century Germanic invaders

• Overrun the western half of the Roman Empire
• Causing
• Disruption of trade
• Downfall of cities
• Population shifts to rural areas

Effects of Invasion

• Decline of learning
• Tribes had oral tradition, songs, but couldn’t read Greek or Latin
• Romance languages evolve (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian)
• Few besides priests were literate

Germanic kingdoms

• Germanic Kingdoms emerge: AD 400-600
• Germanic warriors' loyalty is to the lord of the manor he provides them with food, weapons, treasure
• Result:
• No orderly government for large areas
• Small communities rule

Even so….Clovis riles the Franks

• Clovis riles the Germanic people of Gaul, known as the Franks (which is where "France comes from)
• In 496 he has a battlefield conversion- he and 3000 of his warriors become Christians
• The Church in Rome likes this
• By 511 the Franks are united into one kingdom, with Clovis and the Church working as partners.

Spread of Christianity

• Church + Frankish rulers= rise in Christianity
• In 520, Benedict write ruled for monks"
• Vows of poverty (live simply in monasteries )
• Chastity (no marital relations)
• Obedience (listen to church superiors)
• His sister Scholastica writes similar rules for nuns
• They operate schools, maintain libraries, copy books

Pope Gregory and Papal Power Play

• Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great) goes secular (worldly power)
• Church revenues are used to help the poor, build roads, and raise armies
• This is theocracy
• Gregory's spiritual Kingdom (Christendom) extends from Italy to England, from Spain to Germany

Who's running Europe?

• CLovis riles the Franks in Gaul until his death in 511
• Most of the rest of Europe consists of smaller kingdoms (seven in England alone)
• Clovis' descendants include Charles Martel, known as Charles the Hammer
• Hammer defeats a Muslim raiding party from Spain at the Battle of tours in 732 (If he hadn't won, western Europe could have become part of the Muslim Empire- that's huge!)

How do you follow the Hammer?

• Charles Martel's son is Pepin the Short
• He works with the Church and is named "king by the grace of God by the Pope (Popes can do that?)
• Pepin the Short dies in 768, leaving 2 sons
• Son #1- Charloman- dies in 771
• Son #2 is Charles, known as Charlemagne, meaning Charles the Great
• Six feet four inches and a well-known warrior

Notes

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity

1. 511 AD- Clovis unites Franks into one kingdom

2. 600 AD- Church + Frankish rulers convert many

3. fear of Muslims in southern Europe spur many to become Christians

4. Monasteries and convents

a. 520 AD- Benedict wrote the rules for monks and monasteries

i. Poverty, chastity, obedience, study

b. His sister Scholastica did the same for nuns in convents

c. 731 AD- the Venerable Bede wrote a killer history of England

d. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries , and copied books {Bibles, Greek texts}

D. A European Empire Evolves

1. Franks control largest European kingdom

a. The Roman province formerly known as Gaul

b. Ruled by Clovis- the Merovingian Dynasty

2. Major domo- mayor of the palace- ruled the kingdom

3. Charles Martel- Charles the Hammer

a. extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east

b. Defeated a Muslim army from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732- historic battles {why?}

D. A European Empire evolves {cont'd}

4. Charles the Hammer's son

a. Possibly named for his unusual short haircut

b. working for and with the Pope, Pepin fought the Lombards

c. Pope Stephen II named Pepin "king by the grace of God"- beginning the Carolingian Dynasty 751-987 AD

{So, a Pope can do that? Name someone "king"? Yup.}

d. Pepin the Short had two sons: Carolman and Charles

e. Carolman died, leaving….

E. Charlemagne takes center stage

1. Charlemagne- aka CHARLES THE GREAT

a. six foot four

b. built the greatest empire since Rome

c. fought the Muslims in Spain

d. Fought Germanic tribes

e. Spread Christianity

f. Reunites Western Europe

g. Became the most powerful king in Western Europe

h. Pope Leo III crowned him emperor in 800 AD after he defended him from an unruly Roman mob

i. This signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire

E. Charlemagne takes center stage {cont'd]

2. Charlemagne's government

a. He limited the authority of the nobles

b. He regularly visited every part of his kingdom

c. Kept a close watch on his huge estates

3. Cultural revival

a. Encouraged learning

b. ordered monasteries to open schools

c. opened a palace school

4. But, his heir were weenies (couldn’t leave)…

a. His son- Louis the Pious- was ineffective

b. Louis' three sons- Lothair Charles the Bald, & Louis the German- split up the kingdom at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD

notes

GERMANIC KINGDOMS UNITE UNDER CHARMLEMAGNE

Main Idea

• Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire were reunited under Charlemagne's empire

Why is matters now!

• Charlemagne spread Christian civilization throughout northern Europe, which is where many of us came from.

Setting the stage!

• Middle ages= medieval period
• 500-1500 AD
• Medieval Europe is fragmented

1. Invasions trigger changes in Western Europe

 1. invasions and constant warfare spark new trends

1. Distribution of trade
1. Europe's cities are no longer economic centers
2. Money is scarce
2. Downfall of cities
1. Cities are no longer centers of administration
3. Population shifts
1. Nobles retreat to the rural areas
2. Cities don’t have strong leadership

A. Invasions trigger changes in western Europe {cont'd}

  2. Decline of learning

a. Germanic invaders are illiterate, but they communicate through oral tradition

b. only priests and church officials could read and write

c. knowledge of Greek {and literature, science, philosophy} is almost lost

 3.  loss of a common language

a. dialects develop in different regions

By the 800S, French, Spanish, other Roman-based languages are evolving from Latin.

B. Germanic Kingdoms emerge

1. the concept of government changes

a. Roman society: loyal to public gov't

b. Germanic society: loyal to family

i. Germanic chief led warriors

ii. During peace, he provided food, weapons, treasure, a place to live {the lord's hall}

iii. During wartime, warriors fought for the lord

c. "The king? Who's that? You want to collect taxes from me? Who the heck are you?"

d. Franks live in the Roman province of Gaul- their leader is Clovis

B. Germanic kingdoms emerge

2. The Franks under Clovis

a. another battlefield conversion! {Just like Constantine}

b. Clovis and 30 of his warriors are baptized by the bishop

c. The church in Rome approves of this "alliance"

d. Clovis and the Church begin to work together

A simple mathematical equation

Clovis' military expertise

+

The church's support and money

___________________________

A STRATEGIC ALLIANCE BETWEEN TWO POWERFUL FORCES! WOO-HOO!

C. Germanic peoples adopt Christianity {cont'd}

5. {Pope} Gregory I expands papal power

a. Papacy= pope's office

b. Secular power= worldly power

c. So… under Gregory the Great…

Papal power {power of the Pope} is political power

Presented from Pope's palace

d. The church can use church money to:

Raise armies

Repair roads

Help the poor

e. Gregory the Great began to act as mayor of Rome, and as head of an earthly kingdom {Christendom}

Class

Today in class, we went over our test. I like that because it is a really good study guide for the final. My grade in this class was an 83% but now it is a 85%. This is better than and 83 but it still is not great.

Notes:

A definition….

• Feudalism: a political, military, and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances

In other words: the system is based on personal loyalty to people who can help you

• RICH DUDE (LORD): "I own land; I need people to help me work it and defend it"
• TOUGH DUDES (VASSALS): "There are a lot of us, we can help the rich dudes hold on to their land"

The Feudal Pyramid

  King

The most powerful VASSALS

(Nobles and Bishops)

Knights- mounted warrior who

received FIEFS for defending their lord's land

PEASANTS(mostly SERFS)

Landless, powerless, moneyless, rights-less

  Just working the land for "the men" (their lord)

Mind your manors

• Manor: the lord's estate
• The lord's manor house
• A church
• Some workshops
• 15-30 families
• All on a few square miles
• Good news: It's a self-sufficient community
• Bad news: It's harsh is you're a peasant

How harsh is it?

• Peasants are poor AND pay taxes
• Tax on grain
• Tax on marriage
• Church tax (tithe=10% of their income)
• They live in crowded cottages
• Live with animals and insects (ewww…)
• Eat VERY simply
• But don’t worry- the Church says this is your lot in life
• God determines you place in society- so chill

Class

Today in class, we took a test. I got an A on the test, which means I got a ding! I was really happy because that was the first A I got on one of Mr. Schick's tests. The test was pretty easy because we have taken tests on all of the information before. I am happy that we get to keep the tests because it will help with the final exam. For the rest of class, we were aloud to do whatever we want. I don't know what else to say so I guess I am done. I am happy about my grade and I hope that I do well on the final exam!

Notes

Today in class, we went over the test that we are having tomorrow. I am not sure how I am going to do on it, but i hope that I do well. It is on Rome and their empires and stuff. Right now we are aloud to do whatever we want for the rest of class. I just learned about this test today and that is kind of upsetting. I have a lot of test tomorrow. Well mainly only this and Spanish but still. Hopefully everyone will do well, including me. Okay well I do not know what else to write so I guess that I am done. Goodluck to me and everyone else in Mr. Schick's western civilization class.  

Notes

Decline of the Roman Empire

AD 180: Rome has problems

• Economic (trade became risky; taxes were too high; food supply was dropping)
• Military (frontiers were hard to patrol; Roman generals fought for control; soldiers' loyalty declined and mercenaries appeared)
• Mercenaries- soldiers that work for money

Diocletian divided the empire into 2

• Greek-speaking East (had more resources)
• Latin-speaking West (Rome, tradition)

Decline Part 2

• AD 324- Constantine becomes emperor over both halves of the empire
• Moves the capital from Rome to byzantium (renamed Constantinople), where Asia met Europe (now Turkey)
• After his death, empire is divided again
• This time, "barbarian invaders" (Huns, Vandals, Visigoths, Angles, Saxons, Franks) overrun the empire's frontiers
• That's it for the Roman Empire (AD 476)

Diocletian

• Ruled from 284-303
• It's cool to persecute Christians
• Rome need a big army (400,000 strong)
• Rome needs a big government (20,000 officials)

Constantine

• Ruled from 306- 337
• It's cool to BE a Christian
• Conversion to Christianity

Via cross in the sky (conquer by this!)

• 313-His Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• Built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople

The struggle of peasants

Life in the fourth century

• Country dwellers are getting bankrupt by endless tax collection
• New farming system: peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• Peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by landlords
• Paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back- breaking work (such a deal!)
• Landowners hold local powers as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• Foreshadowing feudalism

The western Empire crumbles

• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• Western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to east Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Roman itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean

Other Barbarian tribes:

• Ostrogoths in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain

End of an Era

• From the beginnings…..
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the 12 tables are established
• …through the glory days…
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 AD- the Roman Peace (Pax Romania)
• To the bitter end…
• Constant 5th century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman Empire shattered and crumbling
• The last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• Barbarians deposed Romulus Augustulus without bothering to kill him

notes

Rise of Christianity

• Jesus' followers believe he is the Messiah and Savior who has risen from the dead
• Saul (the persecutor) becomes Paul 9the evangelist), spreading Jesus's message.
• Christians and Jews were monotheistic (believing in one God)
• This conflicted with Roman beliefs
• Persecution against both was common
• Christianity appealed to the poor, and since there were many poor, their numbers grew
• As it grew, even some roman leaders embraced Christianity
• AD 313: Constantine has a battlefield conversion
• He issues the Edict of Milan
• Not only no persecution, but actual approval of Christianity, eventually making it official religion of Rome
• The Roman Empire and Christianity are now linked in power and influence

Class

Today in class, we took a test. I did not study that much because I thought that I wasn't going to be in class. The track meet was postponed so I ended up in class. It was not as hard as I was expecting it to be. I hope I did well because I need to bring my grade up to a higher B. I would have studied more if I thought that the meet was going to be canceled. We normally run in the rain so it is unusual that they rescheduled it. I am happy though because the test is over with and I don't have to worry about it tomorrow.

5/6/14

How does Rome move from a monarchy to a republic? After Tarquin, the gov. became res publica (the people's business) or republic (like the Greek democracy)

Describe difference between a patrician and plebeian. Patrician- upper class, landowning/ plebeian- common people, workers, small time farmers, some wealthy non-patricians. 

Senate- gov. assembly of 300 (unpaid) patricians, appointed for life; first by king , then consuls

consuls- 2 senators who led the gov and military for one- year terms, could veto each other

tribunes- leaders of the plebeians assemble; first rather powerless, gaining ground over the years. 

What is so important about the 12 tables? Marked the 1st time that laws were written down in Rome; set up to protect plebeians who were getting pushed around by patricians; publicly displayed in forum (450 BC)

Forum- Rome's political center

Augustus- first emperor, originally name Octavian 

Notes 5/5

Notes

Octavian-Aka Caesar Augustus

 The word spreads about the risen lord

• Paul is instrumental in telling the world about Jesus' life, death, resurrection, and message
• He travels far and wide: Cyprus, Anatolia, Athens, Corinth, Macedonia, Rome, Jerusalem, and maybe even Spain and Britain
• He writes letters to many of those he spoke to these epistles are a part of the New Testament
• If not for the efforts of Paul, it is likely that Jesus remains an obscure preacher, instead of the central figure of the world's largest religion

Caligula- good start…

• In addition to being Germanicus' son, he was Tiberius' adopted grandson and great-nephew putting him next in line for emperor
• He started off well: granting bonuses to those in the military, declaring treason trials a thing of the past, and made government spending a matter of public record
• All in all, the first seven months of Caligula's reign were "completely blissful" (according to the historian Philo)….then….

….bad finish for Caligula

• He began to fight with Senate
• He claimed to be a god, and had statues displayed in many places- including the Jewish temple in Jerusalem (sacrilege!)
• Other examples of cruelty and insanity: he slept with other men's wives and bragged about it, indulged in too much spending and sex, and even tried to make his horse a consul and a priest (at least that's what his critics said)
• Assassinated by his own aids, AD 41 (age 28)

Next in line: Claudius

• Ostracized by his family because of his disabilities 9limp, slight deafness, possible speech impediment- thought to be cerebral palsy or polio), he was the last adult male in his family when Caligula was killed
• He rose to the occasion: he conquered Britain: he built roads, canals, and aqueducts; he renovated the Circus Maximus
• Had an awful marriage to Messalina, who was quite often unfaithful to him, even plotting to seize power for her lover Silius through a coup- so Claudius had them killed

Meanwhile- religious troubles

• Christianity and Judaism: monotheistic
• Romans had many gods, plus at times the emperor was viewed as a god
• AD 66: a group of Jews called the Zealots tried to rebel, but Romans troops put them down and burned their temple (except for one wall)
• The Western Wall today is the holiest of all Jewish shrines
• Half a million Jews died in the rebellion

Persecution of Christians

• Romans were harsh toward those who would not worship the emperor
• Especially Christians, who were viewed as followers of a new, upstart religion (cult)
• Often used for "entertainment" purposes in the Colosseum (thrown to the lions,  etc.)
• Despite the oppression, Christianity grew quickly - by AD 200, around 10 percent of the people in the Roman empire were Christians 

notes

Assassination of Another Caesar

• There remained a stubborn core of senators that were still disturbed by his successes 
• 44 B.C. he secured a vote from Senate making him dictator for life. 
• he raised himself even higher by permitting a religious cult to be established in his honor and wearing the purple robe of the ancient Roman kings.  
• On the Ides of March (March 15) 44 B.C. Caesar appeared in the Senate house, unarmed and unguarded, a crowd of senators struck him down with their daggers.

Page 103

• Roman literature and art, philosophy and law, architecture and engineering were often inspired by Greek models, but Roman achievements in these fields eventually equaled or surpassed those of the Greeks and became just as much an inspiration and model for future Western developments. 
• In the West , the native languages of conquered European barbarian people began to be replaced by Latin
• In the East, Egyptian hieroglyphics writing fell out of use. But the empire's most revered international gods and goddesses came from Egypt. 
• The era of the Roman Peace was one of massive social, religious, and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of Western civilization

The Rule of the Emperors 

• After Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus ("revered one"), the name that he went down in history as.  
• Augustus was now the supreme ruler and intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman city-state, and keep its empire together. 
• The "Augustan Settlement" had emerged by 27 B.C., the year generally accepted as the end of the Republic and the beginning of the rule of the Roman emperors 
• The Augustan Settlement 
• he proclaimed the goal of restoring the Republic 
• THE FIRST CITIZEN
• refused the offer of a long-term dictatorship and referred to himself simply as princeps ("first citizen"), a traditional name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic. 
• By arrangement with the Senate in 27 B.C., Augustus was confirmed as commander in chief of the armed forces, which included civil and military control of all provinces with garrisons. 
• He permitted the Senate to supervise Italy and the city of Rome, as well as provinces where no soldiers were stationed. 
• On his way to supreme power he proscribed and put to death many opponents in the Senate and replaced them with his friends and allies. This allowed him to consult the Senate frequently and give it genuine government power
• THE DIVINE BEING 
• After Augustus won supreme power, Greek cities in Anatolia began building shrines and sacrificing to "Rome and Augustus"-worshiping Rome itself as divine, and Augustus as a god-sent human being who embodied Rome's beneficent rule
• He also acquired the title pf Father of the Fatherland 
• he passed laws against adultery of woman and against both men and women who failed to marry; another law exempted mothers of more than three kids from requirement of guardianship
• married to a woman named Livia they never managed to have children together
• Reform, Reconstruction, and the End of Expansion
• First, he brought the system of government appointments under his personal control 
• Second, showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities 
• Third, Augustus reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers
• Last, Augustus gradually brought about his single most drastic reform. making the army more stable all soldiers were to volunteer
• THE END OF ROMAN EXPANSION
• Even after Augustus's troop cuts, his army was still far larger than the forces that Rome had usually maintained in the past
• he kept part of his army- legion sized Praetorian Guard- in Rome to back up his power at the empire's center, but he moved, most of his forces to the frontiers of the empire, he fully intended to continue Rome's tradition of seemingly endless conquest 
• Permanent Monarchy
• He himself would never have come to power if Julius Caesar had not made him his son